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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people with ADHD have comorbid disorders such as major depression (Kessler et al 2006). Many patients who are depressed are not able to respond well to medication and could benefit from therapy. Medications that most effectively improve the most fundamental symptoms of ADHD seem to boost and balance levels of specific neurotransmitters, which are brain chemicals. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are often prescribed. Medications Adults are able to take many different drugs that are prescribed for ADHD in children. However the dosages differ and the medications can cause side effects that are not typical of children. The doctor will take a look at the medical history, the family health history, and other medical conditions of an individual to determine which medication is most appropriate for the patient. The most common kind of ADHD medication is stimulant. It adjusts levels of two chemical messengers within the brain called norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants like methylphenidate and dextro-amphetamine (commonly called Adderall) increase the availability of these neurotransmitters. They help improve focus and reduce impulsivity and aggression. These stimulants are available in different forms, such as skin patches, liquids and chewable tablets. These long-acting stimulants are favored because they improve patient compliance, as well as more consistent, long-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is crucial to keep in mind that comorbid disorders such as depression or anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that psychiatric disorders be treated first before medication used as secondary measure. Some medications that can be used to treat comorbid mood disorders include bupropion, atomoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004). Some patients may experience some patients may experience a “rebound” effect in which they experience worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medications. In these instances, a short trial of a low dosage of stimulant medication may be beneficial. Some people cannot tolerate stimulant drugs or are in a position to not take them due to drug abuse or other health conditions, like heart issues that are severe or hypertension. In these instances, non-stimulant drugs such as atomoxetine and viloxazine may be beneficial. These drugs do not have the same amount of adverse effects as stimulants and carry a a lower risk for misuse and diversion. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help those with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, manage stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or cope with issues in their relationships or at work. adult adhd treatments can also help people with mental disorders that coexist, such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and mind-body cognitive therapy, and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that a person's beliefs and attitudes affect how they feel, think and act. CBT helps people identify negative behaviors and thinking patterns, then develops and implements positive strategies to alter them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy uses techniques for meditation to help a person learn to concentrate on their thoughts and emotions, manage their impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms of psychotherapy that focus on a person's history with their family may be useful for people who suffer from ADHD who suffer from significant secondary problems. In addition to medications, psychotherapy can help address the specific problems caused by ADHD problems, like having trouble getting through schoolwork, resolving conflicts and being able to get together with others, losing important dates or responsibilities and making impulsive choices that can lead to legal or financial problems. Psychotherapy can help someone overcome the root issues like anxiety and depression that could contribute to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist people in finding healthy coping techniques and reduce stress. For example exercising, improving sleep, and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a family member or spouse who is struggling with the effects ADHD has on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help families and couples improve communication and learn to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients change their negative patterns of thinking. It involves a skill-based dialog with a mental health professional to identify the root reason for the symptoms. This therapy aims to help clients overcome limitations and develop coping strategies that are appropriate to their everyday lives. In addition, they teach clients how to identify unhelpful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT assist them in developing abilities that enable them to replace unhelpful thinking with more productive ones. This process can be lengthy. However, it is a viable option for adults who are not getting adequate relief from medications. A recent RCT study has found that when paired with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy alone in improving the emotional symptoms, core symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning of adults with ADHD (Clarke and co., 2017). CBT combined with methylphenidate can be particularly effective for people with more severe underlying issues. The therapists who provide this type of treatment typically collaborate with the client to devise a detailed action plan for solving their issues. They usually teach clients a series of practical skills that are easy to apply and have a good chance of success. Often a chart system is utilized to track progress and reward positive behaviour. For a child, this might be a daily journal that outlines all of the school-related activities or positive behaviors they need to accomplish and a method of tracking and earning rewards. Therapists may also discuss the possibility that negative consequences could be introduced when a child does not complete their task. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive way. Metacognitive Therapy A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy, assists individuals in changing how they think. This kind of therapy could be beneficial to those who suffer from a variety mental health problems, such as depression. It's a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists people recognize their negative thought patterns and how they affect their emotions. This type of therapy may also help them acquire psychological tools that are able and beneficial. This study aimed to examine the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD. To this end, we evaluated self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning to the indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge and cognition regulation debugging, information management, and evaluation). It was discovered that comprehensive knowledge was related to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. The predictors of metacognition had a moderate predictive power, which suggests that they could explain a significant amount of variation in the daily functioning of adults with ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states of anxiety, rumination and attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model created by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety disorder, however it's still relatively new and more research is required to determine its effectiveness for other disorders. This study was conceived to assess the effectiveness of MCT to treat symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it is also able to treat various disorders and is more effective than other therapy. This is not a cure, but can be used to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist works with all family members. Everyone can gain a better understanding of the client's issues and learn how they can help their loved ones. It also helps them deal with their anger and develop more effective communication skills. This type of counseling can be used to tackle the underlying conditions, like substance abuse and depression that are commonly associated as part of ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session in order to gain a better understanding of the family's views and determine if they are suitable for intervention with the family. The session can be conducted in person or via the internet. The Therapist will discuss the nature of treatment with each person and spell out the guidelines and rules of family therapy. A therapist with experience treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask a lot of questions in order to gain insight into the client's current symptoms, their history, and their impact on their work life and family life as well as relationships. They will also ask whether any other mental issues are present, like depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a method of counseling that is structured that helps you change your negative thoughts patterns and control your behavior. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self control by teaching you how to handle anger and stress. This is a short-term option that can be used in conjunction with other types psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help people with ADHD deal with emotional baggage from longstanding patterns of underachievement, failure academic struggles frequent job changes, and conflict in relationships. It can help you learn strategies for managing stress and coping and teach you how to manage your time and money more effectively. It can also help with comorbid disorders such as anxiety and mood disorders, which are often seen with ADHD.